{"id":447,"date":"2021-09-28T12:18:55","date_gmt":"2021-09-28T12:18:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/2021\/09\/28\/iklim-uzerindeki-insan-etkileri-nelerdir-copy\/"},"modified":"2021-09-28T12:24:21","modified_gmt":"2021-09-28T12:24:21","slug":"ekosistem-olarak-coller-ve-neden-korunmalari-gerekiyor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/2021\/09\/28\/ekosistem-olarak-coller-ve-neden-korunmalari-gerekiyor\/","title":{"rendered":"Ekosistem Olarak \u00c7\u00f6ller ve Neden Korunmalar\u0131 Gerekiyor?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00c7\u00f6l nedir?
<\/b>\u00c7\u00f6ller, topografya hakk\u0131nda belirli fikirleri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r: tipik olarak, kuru ve kumlu tepeler, kayalar veya her ikisinin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan tipleri vard\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7\u00f6ller bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r ve birden \u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6l biyomunu nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, kaya t\u00fcrleri, kum miktar\u0131 ve hatta s\u0131cakl\u0131kla ilgili de\u011fildir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem so\u011fuk hem de s\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6ller vard\u0131r. Basit a\u00e7\u0131klama, \u00e7\u00f6llerin tipik bir y\u0131lda \u00e7ok az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan topografik manzaralar olmas\u0131d\u0131r. E\u015fik de\u011feri 25 cm’dir. Ancak bir \u00e7\u00f6l, yaln\u0131zca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya\u011f\u0131\u015fa sahip olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, \u201ckurakt\u0131r\u201d. Bu, bitki \u0131slah\u0131 (terleme olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r) ve buharla\u015fma yoluyla y\u00fcksek oranda su kayb\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Bu iki y\u00f6n, evapotranspirasyon ad\u0131 verilen bir \u015feyde birle\u015ftirilir. Bu, mevcut oldu\u011funda peyzaj\u0131n kaybedece\u011fi su miktar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6ller i\u00e7in, evapotranspirasyon oran\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131n\u0131 2:1 ile 33:1 aras\u0131nda herhangi bir oranda a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Oran ne kadar y\u00fcksek olursa, mevcut nem o kadar az olur. Topra\u011f\u0131n kaba yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu nemin \u00fcst topraktan h\u0131zla s\u0131zmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, bir \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktar\u0131 d\u00fczensizdir. Ortalama ya\u011f\u0131\u015f sadece bu kadar. Bir \u00e7\u00f6l, bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u201cortalamadan\u201d \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 alabilir ve \u00f6nceki y\u0131l ve sonraki y\u0131l hi\u00e7 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f g\u00f6rmeyebilir. \u00c7\u00f6ller, iklimlerine ve konumlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterecektir ve genel kurakl\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle ekoloji, besin zinciri, bitki ve hayvan t\u00fcrleri olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok \u015feyi etkileyebilir. Y\u00fcksek buharla\u015fma, daha y\u00fcksek tuz seviyelerini geride b\u0131rakarak, hangi bitkilerin b\u00fcy\u00fcyebilece\u011fini ve bireysel boyutu ve bunlarla beslenebilecek otoburlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla etoburlar\u0131 etkiler. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri dayan\u0131lmaz s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011fa ve geceleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fu\u011fa ula\u015fabilen s\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6ller olmak \u00fczere, b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k dalgalanmalar\u0131 ya\u015far. Bunun nedeni, g\u00fcn boyunca kaya ve kumun \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 emmesi ve geceleri serbest b\u0131rakmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, so\u011fuk ve \u0131l\u0131k havan\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 r\u00fczgarlar ve f\u0131rt\u0131nalar da dahil olmak \u00fczere, s\u0131cak ve so\u011fuk mevsimler aras\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6ller gezegen ekosistemi i\u00e7in hayati derecede \u00f6nemlidir. Gezegenimizin kuru topraklar\u0131n\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 1\/3’\u00fcn\u00fc kaplarlar . Ayn\u0131 zamanda en k\u0131r\u0131lgan ve nesli t\u00fckenmekte olan biyomlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131rlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6l \u00c7e\u015fitleri
<\/strong>D\u00f6rt geni\u015f \u00e7\u00f6l t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r: k\u0131y\u0131, so\u011fuk, s\u0131cak ve kuru ve yar\u0131 kurak.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u0131y\u0131 \u00c7\u00f6lleri
<\/b>Bunlar genellikle misafirperverdir ve di\u011fer t\u00fcrlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131cakl\u0131k dalgalanmalar\u0131na sahip de\u011fildir. Burada ya\u015fam daha bol, toprak daha az asidik ve normalde ya\u015fayacaklar\u0131 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu \u00e7eken da\u011f s\u0131ralar\u0131 veya g\u00f6ller ve su yolu a\u011flar\u0131 gibi biti\u015fik topografya nedeniyle kurak olma e\u011filimindedir (4). K\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6lleri, k\u0131\u015f i\u00e7in ortalama 5\u00b0C\u00a0 ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131kta k\u0131sa bir k\u0131\u015f ya\u015farken, yazlar\u0131 tipik olarak \u0131l\u0131man 13\u00b0C\u00a0 ile daha s\u0131cak 24\u00b0C aras\u0131nda bir ortalamaya ula\u015f\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ve bu t\u00fcr \u00e7\u00f6l, ne kadar az nemi muhafaza etmede daha iyidir – y\u0131lda ortalama 13 cm civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Da\u011flar\u0131n \u00e7ekmedi\u011fi \u015feyler, biraz daha uzaktaki su yollar\u0131na girmek i\u00e7in g\u00f6zenekli topraktan uzakla\u015f\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcne bir \u00f6rnek Namib \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ‘d\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

So\u011fuk \u00c7\u00f6ller
<\/b>\u00c7\u00f6lleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde akla ilk gelen \u015fey de\u011fil, ancak en u\u00e7 enlemlerde yer alan \u00e7\u00f6ller iki geni\u015f t\u00fcre ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya\u011f\u0131\u015f alan, k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinden uzak ve so\u011fuk bir b\u00f6lgede<\/span><\/p>\n

Aksi takdirde tundra veya ovalar olu\u015fturabilecek ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7eken da\u011f s\u0131ralar\u0131na yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgede.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u0131ll\u0131k ya\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131, erimeden \u00f6nce yaza kadar yerde kalabilen kar olarak d\u00fc\u015fer. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar yeterince y\u00fckselmezse, bir y\u0131ldan fazla kalabilir. K\u0131\u015flar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuktur, tipik olarak -2 ile 4C aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yaz s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ho\u015f ve \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 derecede s\u0131cakt\u0131r, tipik olarak ortalama 21 ile 26\u00b0C aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ya\u011f\u0131\u015f g\u00f6recelidir ve \u00e7o\u011funu sonbahar ve k\u0131\u015f almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, genellikle di\u011fer peyzaj t\u00fcrlerinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr ve \u00e7ok fazla ya\u015fam\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in yetersizdir – bu nedenle \u00e7\u00f6l olarak kabul edilirler.<\/span><\/p>\n

So\u011fuk bir \u00e7\u00f6l \u00f6rne\u011fi Gobi’dir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, Antarktika’n\u0131n i\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya\u011f\u0131\u015f nedeniyle bir \u00e7\u00f6l oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0131cak ve Kuru \u00c7\u00f6ller
<\/b>Genellikle Kuzey Afrika ve Orta Do\u011fu’nun kum tepeleriyle g\u00f6sterilen \u201ctipik\u201d \u00e7\u00f6l olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fey, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz kadar bo\u015f, s\u0131cak veya kasvetli de\u011fil. Yazlar\u0131 s\u0131cak olsa da (43-48C ), y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 20-25C\u00a0 daha so\u011fuktur. Gece s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 ortalama 10C dir. Ayr\u0131ca, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya\u011f\u0131\u015f seviyelerinin genellikle -18C’ye d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir mevsim olan so\u011fuk k\u0131\u015flar\u0131 da ya\u015farlar. Yaz gece s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fer, bu nedenle y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalamalar \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fczey albedosu y\u00fcksektir – g\u00fcnd\u00fczleri al\u0131nan \u0131s\u0131 geceleri yay\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u0131lda 28 cm\u2019den fazla ya\u011f\u0131\u015f almazken, bir\u00e7o\u011fu bundan daha az ya\u011f\u0131\u015f al\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Atacama \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc’nden elde edilen kan\u0131tlar, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin hi\u00e7 ya\u011f\u0131\u015f almad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. \u00c7orak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmleri ara s\u0131ra a\u011fa\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan bozulur; g\u00f6lge ve kapsama alan\u0131 nadirdir ve kum tepelerini g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z en y\u00fcksek olan yer buras\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sahra s\u0131cak ve kuru bir \u00e7\u00f6ld\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n

Yar\u0131 Kurak \u00c7\u00f6ller
<\/b>Yar\u0131 kurak \u00e7\u00f6ller, tan\u0131m gere\u011fi, burada belirtilen di\u011fer \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcre k\u0131yasla daha y\u00fcksek ya\u011f\u0131\u015f seviyelerine sahiptir, ancak \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca s\u0131cakl\u0131kla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fildirler. Genel olarak daha \u0131l\u0131mand\u0131rlar, ancak daha kuzeyde var olabilirler, yani daha so\u011fuk ve daha s\u0131cak t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r. G\u00fcnd\u00fcz ve gece s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131, yaz ve k\u0131\u015f aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131mlar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir t\u00fcr ova veya \u201cbozk\u0131r\u201d d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6l olarak kabul edilip edilmemeleri konusunda baz\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar var. Bununla birlikte, di\u011fer topografik \u00f6zelliklerin – d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ya\u011f\u0131\u015f (y\u0131lda 2-4 cm) ve y\u00fcksek buharla\u015fma-terlemenin onlar\u0131 kesin olarak \u00e7\u00f6l kategorisinde b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ediyor. Daha so\u011fuk yar\u0131 kurak \u00e7\u00f6llerin \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131nda Newfoundland ve Gr\u00f6nland’\u0131 i\u00e7eren Nearctic b\u00f6lgeleri bulunur. Daha s\u0131cak \u00f6rnekler, Montana’n\u0131n Sagebrush’\u0131 ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Havza ile Avustralya’n\u0131n Ta\u015fra B\u00f6lgesi’nin \u00e7o\u011fu. Yaz\u0131n ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131 21 ile 27C aras\u0131ndad\u0131r ve s\u0131cak, kuru \u00e7\u00f6l t\u00fcrlerinin s\u0131kl\u0131kla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi nadiren 38C’nin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c7\u00f6l nedir?\u00c7\u00f6ller, topografya hakk\u0131nda belirli fikirleri \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r: tipik olarak, kuru ve kumlu tepeler, kayalar veya her ikisinin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan tipleri vard\u0131r. Ancak \u00e7\u00f6ller bundan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r ve birden \u00e7ok t\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00f6l biyomunu nas\u0131l tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, kaya t\u00fcrleri, kum miktar\u0131 ve hatta s\u0131cakl\u0131kla ilgili de\u011fildir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem so\u011fuk hem de s\u0131cak \u00e7\u00f6ller vard\u0131r. Basit […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":449,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[23,19,21,20,22],"class_list":["post-447","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-surdurulebilirlik","tag-iklim-uzerindeki-insan-etkileri","tag-surdurulebilirlik","tag-surdurulebilirlik-aciklamasi","tag-surdurulebilirlik-nedir","tag-surdurulebilirlik-tarihi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/447","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=447"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/447\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=447"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=447"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yesilstudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=447"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}